THE EXAMPLE THAT CONTRADICTS THE GRAMMATICAL RULE IN THE BOOK 'AL-MUQTṢAD FĪ SHARḤ AL-ĪḌĀḤ' BY AL-JURJĀNĪ: A STUDY AND ANALYSIS

Abstract

This research aims at analytically studying the example that contradicts the rule in Al-Jurjānī's 'Al-Muqtṣad', adopting a descriptive-analytical approach. The goal is to examine examples where there has been a deviation from the linguistic system, unveiling the reasons and causes of these deviations. Deviations primarily concentrated on the example's contrariety with the sentence's attribute, the grammatical meaning, inflection, the pronoun's reference, syntactic cohesion and harmony, and prominence. The study has revealed the educational method implemented in explaining and detailing the book's rules, and the prohibition of deviations from these rules. Any violation of the previously mentioned areas in a sentence is considered a breach of the universally agreed upon and repeatedly established rules among a majority of grammarians. The research consists of two parts: The theoretical part, which includes the preliminary study, followed by an explanation of the concept of representation and distinguishing between the example and the witness, to highlight the differences between them. This is followed by a presentation of the types of examples mentioned in 'Al-Muqtṣid', along with their most significant characteristics. The second, practical part of the study involves the practical aspect of the research; after identifying and analyzing the rejected examples in 'Al-Muqtṣad', they were categorized based on the reason for their rejection. The examples are arranged in descending order based on the number of examples extracted from the book. The first one contravenes the sentence's attribute and has two subsections: the first being priority and delay, and the second being deletion and addition. Following this is the grammatical meaning, then inflection, the pronoun's reference, syntactic cohesion and harmony, and lastly, prominence. Each section's examples are preceded by a simple introduction presenting the universally accepted rule that is directly relevant to the rejected examples.