THE ISSUE OF EMPHATIC PHONEMES IN CLASSICAL ARABIC AND EXTINCT ARABIC DIALECTS: A COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL STUDY OF THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND INFLUENCE ON THE FORMATION OF WORD STRUCTURE

Abstract

This study seeks to elucidate a complex issue associated with the establishment of the Arabic phonetic system, specifically focusing on the subject of Velarized Phonemes. This field has been characterized by a substantial degree of overlap and diversity. The objective of the research is to propose a comprehensive solution to account for the variance in the articulation points and attributes of these phonemes, as noted by both ancient and modern scholars. The investigative approach adopted alternates between a descriptive analytical method and a historical comparative method to gain a more profound understanding of the topic. The study zeroes in on the intersection between the standard and soft (ḍād), as well as between ḍād and żā>, żā> and the contemporary ḍād, and further between the voiced żā> and unvoiced żā>. This research outlines some of the critical aspects of this overlap, while concurrently establishing that the ṡād has successfully avoided confluence with the velarized phonemes.